ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the possible individual and joined influences that binding solution concentration, drying temperature and drying duration might have on the physiochemical attributes of granules and tablets using norfloxacin as a model drug. Methods: According to implemented 23 central composite designs, each of the investigated variables were examined at 5 different levels through different 16 formulation runs. For each formulation, obtained granules were qualified for their bulk density, tap density, Hausner ratio, percent of fine and drug content properties whereas the respective tablets were evaluated for their weight variation, drug content, friability, hardness, disintegration, and drug dissolution attributes. Results: Indicated that concentration of binder solution, as compared to drying temperature and drying duration, measured more profound influences on granules' tap density, Hausner ratio, % fine and drug content either through its individual linear and quadratic effects or through its joint effect with drying durations (p<0.05 at 95% CI for all influences). Whilst tablets' friability appeared to be noticeably influenced by the three investigated variables (P ranged 0.001-0.017 at 95% CI), tablets' hardness and disintegration were found to be considerably affected only by binder solution concentration (p = 0.001 and 0.082 at 95% CI, respectively). Moreover, none of the investigated variables has measured a significant influence on tablets' drug content or drug dissolution properties. Conclusion: The study concluded that quadratic and joint influences of variables on attributes of granule and tablet formulations shouldn't be overlooked and better to be considered in the screening design.
ABSTRACT
To investigate whether infliximab [Ib], an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpja], prevents cisplatin [Cis] -induced nephrotoxicity. The study was performed in the Department of Internal Medicine, RecepTayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey, between November 2012 and May 2013. Thirty male Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups, a control group, a Cis group, and a Cis+Ib group. The animals of the Cis group were injected with a single dose [7 mg/kg] of Cis intraperitoneally. The animals of the Cis+Ib group were injected with a single dose [7 mg/kg] of Ib 72 hours prior to Cis injection. The TNF-a, interleukin-1 beta [IL-1J3], nitric oxide [NO] and adenosine deaminase [ADA] levels of the Cis group were higher than both the control group TNF-alpha [p<0.001], IL-la [p<0.001], NO [p<0.001] and ADA [p<0.001], and the Cis+Ib group TNF-alpha [p<0.001], IL-1[3 [p<0.001], NO [p<0.001], and ADA [f=0.003]. Histopathological examination revealed extensive damage in the Cis group, while the damage in the Cis+Ib group was lower. While the carbonic anhydrase II [CA-II] level of the Cis group was lower than both groups, it was similar in the Cis+Ib and the control groups. Infliximab acts against Cis-induced nephrotoxicity by a strong inhibition of TNF-alpha. Additionally, the combination of these 2 drugs does not obviously change the level of CA-II
ABSTRACT
Background: The modified Stoppa approach was first described in 1993 by Hirvensalo as an alternative to the ilioinguinal approach for treatment of pelvic ring fracture. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 5 patients with unstable pelvic fracture treated with internal fixation using the modified Stoppa approach. Residual displacement of the pelvic ring was measured and graded using the methods described by Matta and Lindahl. Functional outcomes were assessed using the modified Merle D Aubigne and Pos